Example Dissertation On Defining And Discussing A Family Business

Example Dissertation On Defining And Discussing A Family Business There are various definitions that describe a family business, and each definition describes the family business with a different way. According to Birley and to Godfrey, whether utilizing a broad or narrow definition of family business, it is clear that family businesses comprise a very significant proportion of business throughout the world. Family businesses can range in size from a small corner store to a large multinational corporation. (Birley Godfrey, 1999). According to Chua, Sharma, and Chrisman (1996), family business as a business governed and/or managed on a sustainable, potentially cross-generational, basis to shape and perhaps pursue the formal or implicit vision of the business held by members of the same family or a small number of families.. For the purpose of our dissertation, a family business is a company whose ownership and management are concentrated in one family, with at least one member of the family at the helm of the business and another being groomed or considered for eventual leadership. (de Pontet, Wrosch and Gagne, 2007) In order for a family business to survive through the years an appropriate succession plan must be created to ensure in the long run prosperity and success for the family firms. According to Viktorin and Downs the definition of succession planning is the identification and development of an individual, or a small pool of individuals, with the skills, attributes and experience to fill specific roles. In reality this is more like Replacement Planning-where companies look to replace individuals based on a never-changing organisational chart. (John Viktorin and Lee Downs, 2010) http://www.hrpa.ca/ProfessionalDevelopment/Pages/PDinaBox%E2%84%A2TopicDescriptionSuccessionPlanning.aspx Also, according to Christee Gabour Atwood, succession planning is described as having the right people in the right place at the right time. More specifically, succession planning is the ongoing process of identifying future leaders in an organization and developing them so they are ready to move into leadership roles. This process includes reviewing the organizations strategic plan, studying the current workforce, forecasting future trends and developing employees in a structures plan to replace leaders as they retire or depart from the organization. (Atwood, 2007) http://books.google.com/books?id=rdMijyE7Q58Cprintsec=frontcoverdq=succession+planninghl=enei=IclvTLvNFMim4Abr58iRCwsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=3ved=0CDwQ6AEwAg#v=onepageqf=false In order to enhance Business continuity in the long term after a major event that affects the business a succession plan must be provided that will give ensure survival. According to David Honour An holistic management process that identifies potential impacts that threaten an organization, and provides a framework for building resilience and the capability for an effective response which safeguards the interests of its key stakeholders, reputation, brand and value-creating activities. (Honour, 2006) http://www.continuitycentral.com/feature0398.htm Business Continuity planning is defined as the Planning which identifies an organization exposure to internal and external threats and synthesizes hard and soft assets to provide effective prevention and recovery for the organization, whilst maintaining competitive advantage and value system integrity. (Dominic Elliott, Ethnà © Swartz, Brahim Herbane,2002) http://books.google.com/books?ei=s9NvTM7LBY6k4QalxYXeCAct=resultid=Igcza506veICdq=business+continuity+definitionq=business+continuity+definition#v=snippetq=business%20continuity%20definitionf=false Why succession in family business is important According to the survey from the Price Waterhouse Cooper Cyprus they found that the 50% of family firm across Cyprus are expecting a change of ownership and the 30% of these will change in the next five years. However in Cyprus the 34% expect change of ownership in the five years, which is higher than the rest of Europe. Also 58% would pass their business to next generation and 29% would sell to another company. Unfortunately this 29% of family business in the future will have a problem in the future. The succession to family firms is a key moment in the life of any family firm. Although only 16% of the Cypriot participants of the survey respond that they will manage succession. This indicates that only a few Cypriot family firms will be able to survive in the future. In the U.S. only the 30% of family firms will survive in the second generation and 10% to the third generation. In general the 50% of worlds economy is made up of family businesses and only 10% will survive to the third generation, these shows that the world economy depends wholly in the long term sustainability of the family entity. According to Aronoff It has been said that the three important issues comforting the family business are succession, succession and succession. In order for a family business to survive it must be succeeded each and every generation must be succeeded by the next which is the most crucial family business No one can plan for the worst case scenario because even you can predict your financial status for the future and make a breakeven analysis there is no way to predict the unpredictable. The unpredictable can be natural disaster, national economy collapse, CEO illness or retirement which is a good reason for having a succession plan prior. Contingency planning can anticipate the worst case scenario that will help the company to stay afloat. Succession planning together with current evolved practices over the year have grown and changed. Succession planning is not only a plan for leadership change is something more, it helps to establish a strong leadership that will ensure the survival of the business from competition in the marketplace and stress the executives the importance of reviewing and examining the mission and objectives of the company. Also having a well prepared succession plan for a family business it gives the opportunity for the rest of family members to have a voice and express their needs and concerns. It will make them more responsible and care more about the organization which will enhance a successful succession planning. It will increase the team spirit and will avoid the temptation to solely carry the entire weight of creating and sustaining a plan. Income and expenses are sustained when a succession plan is in place, because it can provide answers as to the future income the company will need and what expenses will occur once the founder steps back from the main leadership role. Having a good succession planning gives to someone a helicopter view on how to examine his or hers employees and not mistakenly focus solely on replacing high level executives. Neglecting to add all the employees from all layers of management and their subordinates, not just the high executives to succession planning can cause a series of consequences into the future. Moreover succession planning increases better relationships between departments by developing better communication between them and resulting into a more cooperative environment of synergy which develops a culture of strength and team spirit. Succession planning activities must be linked with human resource practices because after all Human Resource is about people and people are the most valuable asset of every company. Including HR in succession planning can reveal important processes such as employee evaluation processes that help to decide whether to fill vacancies with internal candidates from the company. Succession planning keeps emotions always high because change is major component of succession plan. Change can be a source of stress in case of people where the jobs at risk. On the other hand it can be an exciting process because it plans for the future and can inspire employees to get involved and loyal to the company. 4- The Family Business Challenge Family businesses in developed countries such as the U.S account for the 50% of the gross domestic product from small business to large corporations. However in the fortunes 500 companies list family businesses account for the 35% which shows that big family corporations rule the world. These family businesses are powerful and at the same time very complex that create both of them advantages and opportunities as well as challenges. The most important challenge is to effectively align the business system with the family system which it cannot come naturally. In the one hand we have the family which is driven by emotions and on the other hand the business that is driven by economics. The interaction of family cohesion and business achievement often creates outstanding business performance but at a cost. If there is lack of coordination, good things that benefit the business can damage the family and when there are family conflicts can damage the business. The crossroad between ownership, management and family found in family business creates challenges for succession. During succession trust and harmony in the family can complicate the transition process and cause conflicts. Elements affecting family business succession can be the influence of the board of directors and other experience with succession that can be considered as business factors. According to Carlock the following diagram describes the conflict between the family expectations and the business demands in planning a family enterprise strategy which includes the strategy for all the activities that need to be conducted by a family business family including its operating businesses, its investments and other business activities. Family Enterprises have four general strategies: invest, hold, harvest or sell. These strategies reflect the owners investment commitment based on the business strategic prospective for value creation. Moreover looking at the diagram we can see that family expectations, business demands and result in different tactics and actions shape the choice of enterprise strategy. Figure 1: Aligning family expectations and business demands Family Enterprises need to develop family and business plans because of five important issues that arise from the conflict between the family expectations and the business demands. These issues appear to be in most of the family firms not caused by conflicted relationships among members but driven by life cycle and life events, family values and experiences and real differences between family goals that are emotional and business goals. In order to have the control of these issues, cautious planning and decision making must be considered, in order to ensure family harmonization and business performance. Also to secure effective communication between these family and business goals, conflicting demands must be addressed from both aspects. The five structural issues are:  · Control: How are decisions made?  · Capital: How are financial resources allocated?  · Careers: How does the family create career and leadership roles?  · Connection: How do we keep family relationships strong?  · Culture: What values drive our planning, decision-making and behavior? Looking to the above issues closely we can understand how family expectation and business goal often dont match and result in to conflict. Preparing the next generation careers is often a source of stress and misunderstanding. All businesses need capable and well trained executives to manage the firm. However most of the parents see their children as the most suitable and entitled to the family business than anyone else but is not always like that. Usually there are children that are entitled to run the business but they lack of expertise and attitude, these cannot be entitled of the business because they will drive the business downward. When a family member expects to run the business like its parents, his or her dream collapse because the family havent planned succession properly or there is a lack of fairness in recruitment method. These scenarios may cause conflicts among family members relationship within the company and losses for the business. So, in that case family and busi ness planning must be completed and linked with each other in order for the family members to be informed and focused about the business requirement, where family is treated fairly and the business has capable employees. Figure 2: Structural Conflicts in Family Business Systems A good start for the family is to identify its values and its future vision. Its values can be filled in the vision statement of the company that will inspire and determine what the actual business and its strategy will become. However if the familys vision is to remain a small family business that competes in the local market, then family employment is feasible. The criteria of selecting family members will be devotion and interest only, which in case of staying within the family business, then the management positions for family members are certainly possible. On the other hand if the vision of the family is to grow the business and dominate the market or industry, the family will think of its business requirements and consider a professional management that includes skills of being able to identify strategies that suits the family business needs to dominate the market or industry. Hence, the family business will require key management people with elevated skills that could come from the family or not. In conclusion, families that identify their values helps them to agree on their vision statement that drives planning for align family and business activities that will ensure in the family and business performance. Leaders of family businesses who usually are the primary owners can exercise great control over the process of succession. According to much of the research on this subject has focused on their unwillingness to cede control, which according to relevant theories is an example of people who lose leadership and suffer from a psychological loss from retirement due to their role as leaders that offered them respect and admiration which they may not discover it somewhere else. Another challenge may be consider the emotional burden of the leader of choosing a successor from among his children, which can delay the succession process. Additionally they rely on income from the business to fund retirement and they may not forward with succession if they believe the business cannot function without them. Referring to the successors experience of succession, its interests and abilities have an impact on succession outcomes. In most organizations they gain control through demonstrating their previous experience and competence but in family business it is unclear if this process works in the same way. Relevant family business research finds that the way the heir experiences the succession process can add to his or her fulfillment with work as well as to be prepared to take over. (Stà ©phanie Brun de Pontet, 2007) An Exploration of the Generational Differences in Levels of Control Held Among Family Businesses Approaching Succession 5. Determining the current owners needs and objectives The base of family business succession plan is to determine what, when and how the owners goals and objectives. It is important to know about the goal and objective of family business because this is necessary to decide about financial planning, retirement planning, business planning, business succession planning, tax planning and strategy of company. The goal and objective can help the owners advisors to establish a good outline for succession planning. This information can give guideline to balance between family situation and business situations. Also difference between current situation and their goal and objective situation can show strengths, weakness and reality of the family business situation. Therefore, achievement of good plan needs many parameters that it is including family values and business values. Family values present their situation in the business, the owners family dynamics, Restrictions of the business and the family currently. Business values can present companys cash flow, competition level, reputation and their role in current market. In a nutshell, this part involves determining and considerate the business owners goal and objectives that present situation and the Limitations, observing the reality of the situation and making realistic recommendations that achievable by the owner and his business and family. A family succession plan needs to involve the financial needs of the owner and his or her spouse. In reality most of the family business owners are depending on the business to provide for their retirement because they can have less cash in hand and more cash on paper which means that most of their money is invest into their business. Family Business Owners having in mind that one day their money from pension will be spend after they retire and do things that they have not done before where for many years they made sacrifices to run their business. Also whatever they have not done all these years even for the rest of the years they have left they want to spend their time with their family and get involved in community and not profit activities. However is it possible for the business to support their owner and his or her spouse after succession? And is it possible for the family business to support the new owners children. In addition the owners goals and financial needs need to be synchronized in order to be brought into harmony because most of the times the owner evaluates its company much more that it actually. A true business valuation will convince the owner about the correct value of the business in order to be cautious to make correct decision that concerns his or hers personal goals and financial needs, particularly for retirement. The Vroom-Yetton-Jago Normative Leadership Decision  Model Management or leadership in family business is all about making decision, setting the goal, set guideline to achieve the goal and assess strategy of succession plan. Leadership can be effective when the leader can take decision in difficult times and situations. An effective leader is considered when he/she gives ideas and suggestions in appropriate situations when advice is needed. The decision making is base thing for leaderships. How decision-making and decision-making positions is very important. A decision could have different result in variety situation. One of these decisions is creating and choosing succession plan. In decision making we have to know that what things effect our decisions. , what is the managers expectations about his/hers output of its decision?, when the managers require consultation from for others in their decision making?, and How does the managers get commitment from his/her employs on specific decision? Therefore we need a theory for identifying the leaders decision making. Vroom-Yetton-Jago Normative Decision Model can help us to answer the above questions. This model present five different styles on the different situation level of involvement. These five styles are following: Autocratic 1 (AI): This part is completely autocratic that means the manager solve the problem and crisis with himself decision by managers information that is available. Autocratic 2 (AII): In this part, manager collect specific information from members and staff. Ultimately, the managers decision is individual decision and maybe the follower doesnt have aware about this decision. They involve in this part only for data Collection. Consultative -1 (CI): The manager explains the problem or situation to each follower individually and asks to evaluate from each followers. In this part, followers do not constitute a group and manager will decide alone. Consultative 2 (CII): The manager and flowers constitute a group about their situation and will consult together but the final decision will give manager. Group-based 2(GII): The managers and followers constitute a group about their situation or problem and they will decide together. In this part manager will accept final decision and he/she doesnt force his/her individual decision. Vroom-Yetton-Jago formulated some questions on decision quality, commitment, problem information and decision acceptance, with which leaders can determine level of followers involvement in decision. These question are following and the managers has to answer only Yes/ No for each question. 1- Is there a quality requirement? Is the nature of the solution critical? Are there technical or rational grounds for selecting among possible solutions? 2- Do I have sufficient information to make a high quality decision? 3- Is the problem structured? Are the alternative courses of action and methods for their evaluation known? 4- Is acceptance of the decision by subordinates critical to its implementation? 5- If I were to make the decision by myself, is it reasonably certain that it would be accepted by my subordinates? 6- Do subordinates share the organizational goals to be obtained in solving this problem? 7- Is conflict among subordinates likely in obtaining the preferred solution? Quoted from: (Vroom Jago, 1988) Then the manager cloud find type and level of decision from below graph.

Business Structure of Mcdonald’s Corporation Essay

The organizational structure of a business is a unique relationship formed when functional areas, defined by purpose and specific roles, are associated. Proficient organizations are capable of success because of fluent operations between stable functional areas. This portion of our business project will provide insight on the business structure of McDonald’s Corporation by analyzing the functional areas of business, taking into consideration factors like technology, the basic laws of economics, and some key aspects of management. McDonald’s Corporation runs its business in a similar manner to nearly all fast food restaurant chains, so its creative bubble for abstract business terminology is not necessarily inventive. Throughout the MGT101 course and researching this business, many terms (and/or their definitions) have been mentioned that I consider new to my vocabulary. To name a few: Franchise — â€Å"the right or license granted to an individual or group to market a company’s goods or services in a particular territory; also: a business granted such a right or license†. (â€Å"Franchise†, n.d.) Sustainability — â€Å"of, relating to, or being a method of harvesting or using a resource so that the resource is not depleted or permanently damaged†. (â€Å"Sustainability†, n.d.) Segment — â€Å"one of the constituent parts into which a body, entity, or quantity is divided or marked off by or as if by natural boundaries†. (â€Å"Segment†, n.d.) Corporation — â€Å"an association of employers and employees in a basic industry or of members of a profession organized as an organ of political representation in a corporative state†. (â€Å"Corporation†, n.d.) Overhead — â€Å"business expenses (as rent, insurance, or heating) not chargeable to a particular part of the work or product†. (â€Å"Overhead†, n.d.) Capitalism – â€Å"an economic system characterized by private or corporate ownership of capital goods, by investments that are determined by private decision, and by prices, production, and the distribution of goods that are determined mainly by competition in a free market†. (â€Å"Capitalism†, n.d.) Capital Expenditure — â€Å"expenditure on acquisitions of or improvements to fixed assets†. (â€Å"Capital Expenditure†, n.d.) Revenue – â€Å"the return or yield from  any kind of property, patent, service, etc.; income†. (â€Å"Revenue, n.d.) Quality Control – â€Å"a system for verifying and maintaining a desired level of quality in a product or process by careful planning, use of proper equipment, continued inspection, and corrective action as required†. (â€Å"Quality Control†, n.d.) Hamburger University – â€Å"the company’s global center of excellence for McDonald’s operations training and leadership development†. (McDonald’s Corporation, n.d.) The organizational structure of McDonald’s relative to the functional areas of marketing, human resources, accounting, finance, and operations can be summarized by investigating each individually. For McDonald’s Corporation, marketing and advertising are what make sales. Whether directed towards children, adults, families, or people managing time restraints, McDonald’s has a goal to make their food fun and affordable. Marketing is conducted not only by television, billboard, radio, newsprint, and internet advertising, but also through sponsorships and promotions. A prime example of McDonald’s sponsorship is evident with the upcoming 2012 Olympics, where McDonald’s is labeled the â€Å"Official Restaurant† of the games, targeting an audience seeking assurance that McDonald’s food is a healthy option. Beyond reigning over the entire games, McDonald’s takes it a step further by getting prominent athletes to promote products and drive influence deeper into the general public. Marketing tactics targeted at children include persuasion based on fun by using toys in Happy Meals. For the thrifty and penny conscience, McDonald’s promotes their dollar menu and offers coupons. By changing their menu options, McDonald’s can promote seasonal and holiday options like milkshake flavors. The organizational structure of McDonald’s Corporation is considered divisional, separated by geography. The business is managed as distinct geographic segments that include: The United States, Europe, APMEA (Asia/Pacific, Middle East and Africa), and Other Countries & Corporate (OCC) including Canada, Latin America and Corporate. (McDonald’s Corp, n.d.) McDonald’s corporate website provided a financial highlights spreadsheet for 2011 that offer insight into the accounti ng of its organization. The most significant costs and expenses associated with McDonald’s are generally referred to as â€Å"Company Operated Restaurant Expenses†. Breaking that down further, the C.O.R.E. can be identified as  food and paper, payroll and employee benefits, and occupancy and other operating expenses. In 2011, the C.O.R.E. costs totaled over $14 billion globally. The most significant source of revenue for McDonald’s was through sales at company operated restaurants. Although McDonald’s Corporation receives revenues form franchised store locations, its 1,552 company operated locations totaled over $18 billion in sales, while revenues from franchised stores brought in only $8 billion. The most profitable segment of McDonald’s Corporation in 2011 was Europe, slighting the United States in revenue by about $2 billion. (McDonald’s, 2011) Financing the operations within this organization come mostly from retained profits and bank loans. Although McDonald’s offers stock to be traded publically, the revenues generated do not provide the primary source of financing for franchised and company operated store locations. (McDonald’s, 2011) The operations of McDonald’s restaurants are supported by a system that involves three main components, what Ray Kroc titled the three legged stool. The first leg is McDonald’s and its core values of quality, service, cleanliness and value. The second leg is franchisees. Each encouraged to be innovative, but also required to operate within the core values established by McDonald’s. The third leg being McDonald’s suppliers, consistently supply products across business segments in order to recreate the McDonald’s experience at every location. Creating an operating system based on the three legged stool philosophy, Kroc was able to invent the most integrated, efficient and innovative supply system in the food service industry, thus controllin g inventory, quality and repetitive production within each business segment. (McDonald’s Corporation, n.d.) Much like any major corporation, McDonald’s utilizes its functional areas to create compatibility within its infrastructure. As described in our text (Chapter 5 of Exploring Business), the success of a business lies in the ability to manage and grow. McDonald’s Corporation has established a system where the core areas work together to manage operations, money, people, sales, and the competition. The roles of the functional areas and how they work together give McDonald’s the ability to know their business, know their product, and know their competition. (Collins, 2009) McDonald’s management has established goals and values by which they operate. Focus on the employees, customers, suppliers, and brand image has placed McDonald’s Corporation on the cutting  edge of franchised restaurant chains. Its values encourage employee development, environmental and supply chain sustainability, and continuous improvement on every level. Whether franchise owners and operators are enrolled at Hamburger University (a training facility that teaches the McDonald’s business system) or employees are taking advantage of leadership development programs, the management of McDonald’s Corporation has intent to provide support and encourage development from all the people who make McDonald’s stores diverse and successful. (McDonald’s Corporation, n.d.) The impact and evolution of technology has enabled McDonald’s to reach customers, suppliers, employees and restaurants at every corner of the globe. Technology of the times has held a premium value to McDonald’s marketing strategy. The modest beginning of McDonald’s marketing and advertising strategy has evolved since the 1950’s with radio and newsprint ads. 1966 brought the first television commercial to the United States and in 2003 the first global ad campaign (titled â€Å"i’m lovin’ it†) is launched in Germany. (McDonald’s Corporation, n.d.) Technology’s impact on marketing and operations has been substantial. The internet provides an invaluable resource for collecting data points on market segmentation and analyzing global trends. Faster accessibility to critical information has helped optimize supply chain operations and improvements towards sustainability. Global communication capabilities allow business segments to interface â€Å"in person† using webcams, saving time and money on travel expenses. Accounting and finance departments use technology to improve error proofing and record keeping. File sharing is quicker and more secure, allowing restaurants within business segments to watch trends in sales and enable adjustment to accommodate profitable operations. McDonald’s restaurant distribution centers rely primarily on regional suppliers for produce, meat, buns, and packaging. Based on the information I’ve collected about McDonald’s, international trade has little effect on business operations. Unlike companies that rely on foreign made (or mined) textiles and metal ores to make a product, McDonald’s supply chain is strategic to obtain only the freshest ingredients from within each business segment. (McDonald’s Corporation, n.d.) A safe bet could be made in the statement that nearly every McDonald’s customer is either hungry, thirsty, or both. The products served by McDonald’s restaurants are an array of breakfast, lunch, dinner  and dessert items ranging from breakfast burritos and hotcakes, to hamburgers, French fries, chicken sandwiches, and ice cream sundaes†¦and a lot in between. Portioned meals are designed to suffice the appetites of all consumers, including the dainty eaters, mid-day snackers, and the average adult. McDonald’s restaurants solve the problem consumer’s face when seeking f ast food at an affordable price and with good quality. Often found by major roadways and fueling stations, McDonald’s restaurants provide quick and easy dining when traveling. Customers who use the services of McDonald’s stores include all walks of life. Business men and women, health conscience eaters, children, and thrifty shoppers have a niche within the McDonald’s marketing scheme. Finding and identifying every customer starts with good marketing. McDonald’s uses social networking sites like Facebook and Twitter to follow consumer habits and trends. They conduct survey’s to collect data on current customers and research other fast food operations in order to compete. Strong advertising campaigns using television, radio, the internet, billboards, and magazines draw customers through vivid imagery, nutritional statements, and brand recognition. (McDonald’s Corporation, n.d.) Considering the varied demographics associated with over 33,000 global restaurants, McDonald’s prices fluctuate from store to store. Their pricing strategy is set to accommodate regional business and market segmentation by analyzing the demographics surrounding each restaurant. In the United States, for instance, two McDonald’s store locations will offer the same menu option at different prices based on the economic status of surrounding areas. McDonald’s Corporation researches the areas thoroughly before opening a restaurant to determine the value of their product compared to the value of a community’s dollar. In shopping districts or roadways surrounding exclusive neighborhoods, McDonald’s will charge more for a value meal when compared to a less fortunate area. Why? They know low-income consumers will likely not find their way to a higher-income area. By creating market segments, prices can vary based on the financial capabilities of its customer s. (â€Å"McDonald’s Pricing Strategy,† 2012) McDonald’s business operations are directly affected by supply and demand. Factors that play into their success revolve around competition, local economies, and population. Restaurants located in areas with a high number of establishments serving food succumb to consumer choice and face the  possibility of fewer sales. Likewise, restaurants in lower income neighborhoods rely on a customer base that faces the decision of quantity or quality. Many lower income families can stretch their dollar into several meals at the grocery where McDonald’s would provide just one. Fluctuations in population can affect the demand for fast food meals, and therefore directly affect sales. (Collins, 2009) McDonald’s has always held an open door to offering a first job, regardless of experience or credentials. From there, McDonald’s Corporation is dedicated to providing an opportunity for a career. Search the web (http://www.mcdonalds.com/us/en/careers/workinghere.html) and see that open positions across the United States are available at either a corpora te or restaurant level, on a spectrum that covers all ranges of experience and entry level. Although McDonald’s corporate website does not provide compensation in the form of dollar amounts for either hourly or salary employees, less reliable internet sites might suggest restaurant employees’ initial wages range from around $7/hr. upwards to $10/hr., depending on position; average management positions can offer in the neighborhood of $30k to $40k annually. According to McDonald’s website, non-financial compensation packages for employees include company assisted health plans, paid holidays and vacations, access to career development opportunities and training, 401(k) contributions, discounted meals, and even the possibility of a company vehicle. (McDonald’s Corporation, n.d.) In closing, the strategic system McDonald’s Corporation has organized to manage it business involves multiple factors. People that choose to join McDonalds’ team are encouraged to continuously improve their careers, utilize full potential, and assist with innovation to achieve the goals and mission set forth by McDonald’s Corporation. The unique inter-relationship woven by functional areas of this business provide support within the company structure to assist employees at any level; from top executives to restaurant crew members. Optimization of operations using technology and an innovate supply chain allow for the company to adjust constantly in response to trends and social influence. References Capital Expenditure. (n.d.) In Merriam-Webster’s online dictionary. Retrieved from http://www. merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ Capitalism. (n.d.) In Merriam-Webster’s online dictionary. Retrieved from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ Collins, K. (2009). Exploring Business. Nyack, NY: Flat World Knowledge, Inc. Corporation. (n.d.) In Merriam-Webster’s online dictionary. Retrieved fromhttp://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ Franchise. (n.d.). In Merriam-Webster’s online dictionary. Retrieved from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ Income Statement. (n.d.) In Merriam-Webster’s online dictionary. Retrieved from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ McDonald’s Corporation. (n.d.). Company Profile. Retrieved from McDonald’s Corporation website: http://www.aboutmcdonalds.com McDonald’s Corporation. (n.d.). Corporate Careers/Training & Development/Hamburger University. Retrieved from McDonald’s Corporation website: http:// McDonald’s Corporation. (n.d.). Our Company. Retrieved fro m McDonald’s Corporation website: http://www.aboutmcdonalds.com McDonald’s Corporation. (n.d.). Our History. Retrieved form McDonald’s Corporation website:http://www.mcdonalds.com McDonald’s Corporation. (n.d.). Our History/Our Story/The Ray Kroc Story. Retrieved from McDonald’s Corporation website: http://www.mcdonalds.com McDonald’s Corporation. (2011). McDonald’s 2011 Financial Information Workbook. Retrieved from McDonald’s Corporation website: http://aboutmcdonalds.com/ content/dam/AboutMcDonalds/Investors/ Investors%202012/McDonalds%202011%20 Financial%20Information%20Workbook.xls McDonald’s Corporation. (n.d.). Working Here. Retrieved from McDonald’s Corporation website: http://www.mcdonalds.com/us/en/careers/working_here.html McDonald’s Pricing Strategy. (2012). Retrieved from http://ecuatoriall.com/mcdonalds-pricing-strategy/ Overhead. (n.d.) In Merriam-Webster’s online dictionary. Retrieved from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ Quality Control. (n.d.) In Merriam-Webster’s online dictionary. Retrieved from http://www.merriam -webster.com/dictionary/ Revenue. (n.d.) In Merriam-Webster’s online dictionary. Retrieved from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ Segment. (n.d.) In Merriam-Webster’s online dictionary. Retrieved from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ Sustainability. (n.d.). In Merriam-Webster’s online dictionary. Retrieved from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/

Study On The Urban City History Essay

From a critical observation, the American metropoliss since the 1950 ‘s to day of the month has gone through a figure of cardinal alterations in countries like industrialisation, authorities, instruction and many others. This paper focuses on the development of the great American metropoliss from the 50 ‘s through to this twenty-four hours. Between 1900 and 1970, the Southern black Diaspora began migrating from the South into the Northern and Western parts of the US. This inflow was mostly due to the wake of the bondage epoch therefore inkinesss needed to travel off from the southern parts for a complete sense of emancipation ( Grossman. par 1 ) . To appreciate how the African American mass going altered history we must get down with the fact that these migrators were come ining into some of the largest metropoliss in America and they were making so exactly at the clip when these parts benefit from their greatest political and cultural prosperity. New York, Chicago, Detroit, Los Angeles, Philadelphia, Cleveland, and Washington DC were the cardinal spiritual, industrialisation, media and political centres for new America ( Grossman. par 2 ) . African Americans from the South such as Rev. Jesse Jackson found channels to act upon some of the institutes housed by these cardinal parts and through them gained pull that finally, over the old ages, would be used to change the state ‘s systems of cultural dealingss and regional nexus. Important to that embryologic influence was a distinguishable community creative activity that converged in big North and western metropoliss during the first half of the twentieth century popularly referred to as the Black Metropolis. The 2nd moving ridge of the mass hegira occurred in 1960 in Chicago and this led to the addition of population from about 270,000 to over 800,000, an about three-base hit. At this point in times, many parts of Chicago and New York, peculiarly the Bronx, were considered capitals of African Americans. The great figure of inkinesss traveling into Chicago significantly changed the demographics of Chicago and the full Illinois province. Prior to the monolithic inflow, most of Chicago ‘s public was White Americans ( Grossman. par 3 ) . The figure of inkinesss in Chicago continued to increase with the great migration. Other Northern and Eastern parts such as Pennsylvania and New York ‘s Harlem became hubs of black civilization and ethnicity with the being of few cultural minorities such as Hebrews and Italians. As more and more inkinesss came into these new countries, they became increasingly incorporated into the community. Even as the mass hegira assisted in educating and bettering the life criterions of many African Americans, the immigrants encountered a figure of problems in footings of racial segregation, competition for occupations and resources and cultural differences ( Grossman. par 4 ) . Due to the fact that there migration was really fast with a big incursion, autochthonal white work forces felt threatened and vulnerable and feared fring their occupations and businesss. In several parts, workers attempted to guard what they saw as their district. In add-on, abode proprietors and Realtors would halt migrators from purchasing places or renting flats in white vicinities. Furthermore, when inkinesss moved into white territories, Whites would frequently respond sharply toward their new inhabitants, including immense public violences, bombardments, and even slaying. Still, with increasing racial tensenesss, many black Americans managed to get a assortment of occupations with different incomes makin g an earlier unknown phenomenon known as category ( Bullard. Pg87 ) . These experiences led to the division and segregation of these two groups of inkinesss but they still retained their ties by populating together in similar vicinities and countries. Following this huge diverseness, there were a assortment of good and bad happenings that shaped the African American community. Religion and political relations greatly helped keep together the black community. Harmonizing to Grossman ( par. 6 ) , it was obvious that the African American society had deep religious devotedness and this is why it was non uncommon to happen legion churches and religious establishments within the black community, largely Catholic and Methodist ( Grossman. par 6 ) . It is besides of import to observe that there were more churches in the lower category inkinesss than the upper-class ; this is due to the fact that the elect frequently concentrated on their concern enterprises and their connexions with their fellow white concern associates. In add-on, the church provided basic services such as nutrient, lodging and medical installations to the less privileged in their society. Politicss to a great extent besides united the black society, for case, of import politicians such as Malcolm X assisted inkinesss in geting much needed metropolis services and basic human rights. Bullard ( 2007 ) argues that by the terminal of the 1950 ‘s the black society in these antecedently dominant white parts had radically mechanized with the constitution of Shopping centres, more industries and mills in bend making more occupations. These parts became extremely independent and there was a noteworthy addition on suburban countries. The roar in economic system caused the federal authorities to increase services such as loans, mortgages and capital investings in concerns. The authorities provided avenues in which populace could be able to purchase places otherwise impossible with so much costs. The terminal of World War II and a competent president saw great civilisation with edifice of larger places by householders and a big figure of young person go toing schools and other establishments. By the early 1960s, African Americans were super-urban, more dumbly populated in inner metropoliss than other cultural groups. As mentioned, non every African American immigrant moved into the suburbs and chief metropoliss ( Grossman. par 5 ) . Other opted to settle in other countries, particularly the Northwestern and southwesterly sides of Chicago. The changeless protests and conflicts caused many inkinesss to get down go forthing preponderantly white countries. The political instability that is apparent from the 1930 ‘s, peculiarly the disgraceful Frank Skeffington saga of running for another mayoral term, obviously leaks into the 60 ‘s doing a great moving ridge of political volatility that farther destabilizes the African community. His loss and eventual decease distorted the visual aspect of urban political relations and left Boston starved for a strong and straightforward political leader who could give the South a good sense o authorities. In add-on to the assorted incompatibilities within the Democratic Party, peculiarly within the parts of black inflow, the migrations during the early 1900 ‘s had considerable consequence of both the North and the South ( Grossman. par 6 ) . Changes in political relations, concern, health care and instruction consecutive drew migrators back from the North and besides making a stronger base for the Republican Party. In the 1950- 1960 elections, Republicans won in all the three elections. The more profoundly rooted Democrat provinces such as Alabama and Georgia retained their democratic seats despite the political alteration. In the 1964 election nevertheless, ‘Goldwater Republican ‘ ran an old school run which opposed the Civil Rights Act protecting the black minorities. This controversial run was popular with the White militants but the black Americans were non happy with it. He finally lost his ballot through the absence of Black ballot. As reported by Bullard ( 2007 ) , this loss in the Republican Party gave Democrat Richard Nixon a downwind manner to gunner the Southern ballots and retrace the Democrat southern foundations. This was followed by the blackwash of Republican Martin Luther King Junior on April 4, 1968 ( Grossman. par 7 ) . His death was followed by public violences and force by African Americans in metropolitan countries in major metropoliss around America. Thus his non force steering rule was thwarted and ignored by many. The instability and volatility caused by this great black leaders demise saw African Americans in all parts of America abandon their hopes and dreams to mourn for a much loved peoples politician. The black segregation that resulted had great economic impact on the society. A degage black economic system was established which had a assortment of professionals, tradesmans, politicians and linguists. At this point in clip, political relations had become the order of the twenty-four hours in Black America and a distorted system saw politicians making favours for citizens to gunner ballots alternatively of geting them in the old traditional manner or truth and justness. Politicians would pay for funerals and instruction demands, acquire occupations for people who are under qualified or even out justly give the citizens money. This saw a big inflow of ailing incompetent politicians into the Congress and federal authorities mostly due to the fact that many electors had lost hope in the political system. For illustration, Kennedy ‘s entry into Congress was mostly due tot the fact that he was visually delighting to the electors contrary to Nixon ‘s anterior entry due to his intelligence and frankness ( Grossman. par 7 ) . This diminution in the political scene saw a sense of licking and the public focal point on different issues such as household, instruction, employment, young person and matrimony ( Bullard.pg 127 ) . The 60 ‘s, 70 ‘s and 80 ‘s were characterized by the female public being actively involved in the social issues but there were still no attempts by authorities to cover with such societal issues. Although the authorities established public high rise undertakings to cover with the lodging jobs, these undertakings merely served to farther increase the societal segregation amongst citizens. The labour force besides though extremely racially segregated saw the constitution of labour brotherhoods that catered to all signifier of workers. Another noteworthy constitution of this epoch was the development of the Television which meant that less people were traveling to cinemas and opted for remaining place and adhering with their households and in bend shortly get awaying the economic difficult times through amusement. This period lasted through the twentieth century with a slow but steady rise in industrialisation. A positive work ethic in the public combined with acquired accomplishments and uninterrupted mechanisation served to hike production and workers living criterions. As the industrialisation and mechanisation grew, so did the consumer market for merchandises and services rise and present a farther encouragement to the economic system. By the terminal of the 1900 ‘s America had become one of the most successful civilisations of the Earth with free market parts including New York and California being widely regarded as representations of developing states around the universe to emulate. After the recession, in which America recovered faster than the full universe, there is no understanding amongst experts sing the enlargement that extended throughout those old ages but economic experts agree that President Roosevelt ‘s schemes and policies stepped up the recovery procedure. Many have argued that Gold Standard epoch besides significantly assisted in the recovery procedure of the planetary economic downswing ( Bullard, pg 132 ) . Most bookmans and coevalss agree that the period after the Reconstruction epoch and the late 1900 ‘s is when America attained its highest technological and pecuniary stature ( Grossman. par 8 ) . This point in clip, as discussed earlier, saw the state being changed from a crude agricultural economic system to a to the full fledged ace power. Development of America ‘s transit web through H2O and air saw its mingling with similar ace civilisations such as China and Russia and in bend led to an intricate trade webs that progressively put America on the map. Although the old economic recession popularly referred to as the Great Depression challenged the US industrialisation force, the state over the old ages regained itself and emerged as a force to be reckoned with. This characteristic betterment in industrialisation saw the young person and immature urban professionals begin re come ining urban metropoliss and towns. There is a general diminution in the fringy population as people began migrating into the urban countries, this clip people of all ethnicity. There is besides a important rise in the figure of migrators from abroad, some coming to look for employment and other coming to put in the promising economic system ( Bullard.pg 127 ) . The investors were largely Nipponese and German who came to merchandise in motor vehicles and the latter to present all sorts of electronics. At this point it was progressively apparent that other states were besides germinating at the same rate and this was further confirmed with the great inflow of Korean ships into American Waterss. Bullard ( 2007 ) studies that, following this development and revolution of the US economic system, major Reconstruction began with the rupturing down of Philadelphia centre to pave manner for the Reconstruction of other major installations and besides the slum upgrading undertaking was established. The slum undertakings experienced a batch of renovation with most undertakings being established in the African American vicinities to upgrade their lodging. The federal authorities gave the occupants periods in which they could adequately travel out of the slums in order for the Reconstructions to get down. The authorities employed the usage of designers who were responsible for the earlier nineteenth century edifices therefore occupants were optimistic that they would acquire high rise lodging. In Chicago, the country known as the Black city, when the public lodging undertakings were completed, the population was preponderantly African American with a per centum of approximately 85 % ( Bullard, pg. 133 ) . In the beginning, the undertakings were clean, fresh and orderly with a good environment for childs and others likewise to boom but shortly, largely hapless households that inhabited the colonies began maltreating the installations and thenceforth they ruined the community construction in the public high rise. The increasing insecurity and offense within these hapless vicinities served to stain the name of these undertakings but the authorities is still hopeful at reacquiring and re set uping these cardinal lodging undertakings to what they were made and meant for ( Grossman. par 3 ) . Decision All in all, this diverse alteration in the political, societal and economic inclinations of the United States over the century basically shaped the Country ‘s history. The development of Science, engineering, and industry has non merely greatly shaped America ‘s accomplishment in trade and industry, but has besides contributed to its single political society, societal construction, educational and cultural system. American values of difficult work, entrepreneurship, and autonomy are attested to its bequest of ground-breaking proficient constitutions.

unit 15 study guide Essay examples - 798 Words

The Tired Swimmer Case Study Go to this Website: http://www.sciencecases.org/tired_swimmer/tired_swimmer.asp Answer the Following Questions for Parts IïÆ'  IV. Part I: 1. What vital signs or symptoms does Annie exhibit? Blurred vision and eye strain, hands ache and feel weak, gasping for air, weakness Constant fatigue 2. Can you see any common features in Annie’s signs and symptoms? Blurred vision and eyestrain we must look at the optic nerve within the brain. Whenever you don’t see well other factors will play into it, like headaches, soreness, and fatigue. 3. Why is Annie having problems breathing? Because she has multiple sclerosis, Annie is having degeneration of this area since it is apart of the brain and spinal†¦show more content†¦According to Annie’s EMG test, was Annie’s skeletal muscle function normal? Annies skeletal muscle function was not normal in the EMG test. 3. Considering your answers to Questions 1 and 2, why did activity in Annie’s motor nerves produce a skeletal muscle response that fatigued during repetitive stimulation? Annies muscles fatigued after repetitive stimulation because there might be a short in the nerve pathway. This would lead to a closer look at Annies central nervous system for possible causes. 4. Create a table that replicates Figure 1 and fill it out completely. 5. Now take each stage in turn and discuss how sustained neural activity could create a dysfunction and result in a decrease in muscle response during repetitive motor nerve stimulation. If the nerve impulse is not released than it will not cause an action potential. If acetylcholine is not liberated than it would also not cause an action potential which would not cause a muscle contraction. If the calcium and sodium channels remain open, it would cause a uncontrolled muscle twitch. Part IV: 1. What is the role of the thymus in the body? 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